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Spectroscopy

2006

 

Fayad LM, Bluemke DA, McCarthy EF, Weber KL, Barker PB, Jacobs MA.  "Musculoskeletal tumors: use of proton MR spectroscopic imaging for characterization.J Magn Reson Imaging. 2006 Jan;23(1):23-8.

Franco LP, Anderson J, Okoh J, Pomper MG, Braverman N, Barker PB.  "Proton MR spectroscopy in hyperhomocysteinemia with elevated blood methionine levels.J Magn Reson Imaging. 2006 Feb 6; [Epub ahead of print]

Hourani R, Horska A, Albayram S, Brant LJ, Melhem E, Cohen KJ, Burger PC, Weingart JD, Carson B, Wharam MD, Barker PB.  "Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging to differentiate between nonneoplastic lesions and brain tumors in children.J Magn Reson Imaging. 2006 Feb;23(2):99-107.

Jansen JF, Shamblott MJ, van Zijl PC, Lehtimaki KK, Bulte JW, Gearhart JD, Hakumaki JM.  "Stem Cell profiling by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy."  Magn. Reson Med. 2006; 56(3) : 666-70.

Jones CK, Schlosser MJ, van Zijl PC, Pomper MG, GOlay X, Zhou J.  "Amide proton transfer imaging of human brain tumors at 3T."  Magn. Reson. Med. 2006;  56(3): 585-92.

Lu H, Donahue MJ, van Zijl PC. "Detrimental effects of BOLD signal in arterial spin labeling fMRI at high field strength."  Magn. Reson Med. 2006; 56(3): 546-52.

McMohan MT, Gilad AA, Zhou J, Sun PZ, Bulte JW, van Zijl PC.  "Quantifying exchange rates in chemical exchange saturation transfer agents using the saturation time and saturation power dependencies of the magnetization transfer effect on the magnetic resonance imaging signal (QUEST and QUESP): Ph calibration for poly-L-lysine and a starburst dendrimer."  Magn. Reson Med. 2006; 55(4) : 836-47.

Smith SA, Farrell JA, Jones CK, Reich DS, Calabresi PA, van Zijl PC.  "Pulsed magnetization transfer imaging with body coil transmission at 3 Tesla: Feasibility and application."  Magn Reson. Med 2006; 56(4):  866-75.

Strouse JJ, Cox CS, Melhem ER, Lu H, Kraut MA, Razumovsky A, Yohay K, van Zijl PC, Casella JF.  "Inverse correlation between cerebral blood flow measured by continuous arterial spin-labeling (CASL) MRI and neurocognitive function in children wih sickle cell anemia(SCA)."  Blood 2006; 108(1) : 379-81.

2005

Braverman NE, Mudd SH, Barker PB, Pomper MG.  "Characteristic MR imaging changes in severe hypermethioninemic states.AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005 Nov-Dec;26(10):2705-6.

Bonekamp D, Horska A, Jacobs MA, Arslanoglu A, Barker PB.  "Fast method for brain image segmentation: application to proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Magn Reson Med. 2005 Nov;54(5):1268-72.

Carhuapoma JR, Wang P, Beauchamp NJ, Hanley DF, Barker PB.  "Diffusion-perfusion MR evaluation and spectroscopy before and after surgical therapy for intracerebral hemorrhage.Neurocrit Care. 2005;2(1):23-7.

Smith MA, Gillen J, McMahon MT, Barker PB, Golay X.  "Simultaneous water and lipid suppression for in vivo brain spectroscopy in humans."  Magn Reson Med. 2005 Sep;54(3):691-6.

Degaonkar MN, Pomper MG, Barker PB.  "Quantitative proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging: regional variations in the corpus callosum and cortical gray matter.J Magn Reson Imaging. 2005 Aug;22(2):175-9.

Restrepo L, Jacobs MA, Barker PB, Beauchamp NJ, Skolasky RL, Keswani SC, Wityk RJ.  "Etiology of perfusion-diffusion magnetic resonance imaging mismatch patterns. J Neuroimaging. 2005 Jul;15(3):254-60.

Hillis AE, Newhart M, Heidler J, Barker PB, Herskovits EH, Degaonkar M.  "Anatomy of spatial attention: insights from perfusion imaging and hemispatial neglect in acute stroke. J Neurosci. 2005 Mar 23;25(12):3161-7.

Sacktor N, Skolasky RL, Ernst T, Mao X, Selnes O, Pomper MG, Chang L, Zhong K, Shungu DC, Marder K, Shibata D, Schifitto G, Bobo L, Barker PB.  "A multicenter study of two magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques in individuals with HIV dementia.J Magn Reson Imaging. 2005 Apr;21(4):325-33.

Moser HW, Barker PB.  "Magnetic resonance spectroscopy: a new guide for the therapy of adrenoleukodystrophy."  Neurology. 2005 Feb 8;64(3):406-7.

Dubey P, Fatemi A, Barker PB, Degaonkar M, Troeger M, Zackowski K, Bastian A, Smith SA, Pomper MG, Moser HW, Raymond GV.  "Spectroscopic evidence of cerebral axonopathy in patients with "pure" adrenomyeloneuropathy.Neurology. 2005 Jan 25;64(2):304-10.

Jacobs MA, Barker PB, Argani P, Ouwerkerk R, Bhujwalla ZM, Bluemke DA.  "Combined dynamic contrast enhanced breast MR and proton spectroscopic imaging: a feasibility study.J Magn Reson Imaging. 2005 Jan;21(1):23-8.

Barker PB, Horska A.  "Neuroimaging in leukodystrophies."  J Child Neurol. 2004 Aug;19(8):559-70.

Restrepo L, Jacobs MA, Barker PB, Wityk RJ.  "Assessment of transient ischemic attack with diffusion- and perfusion-weighted imaging." AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004 Nov-Dec;25(10):1645-52.

Jacobs MA, Ouwerkerk R, Wolff AC, Stearns V, Bottomley PA, Barker PB, Argani P, Khouri N, Davidson NE, Bhujwalla ZM, Bluemke DA.    "Multiparametric and multinuclear magnetic resonance imaging of human breast cancer: current applications.Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2004 Dec;3(6):543-50.
 

Arslanoglu A, Bonekamp D, Barker PB, Horska A.  "Quantitative proton MR spectroscopic imaging of the mesial temporal lobe.J Magn Reson Imaging. 2004 Nov;20(5):772-8.

Cirak B, Horska A, Barker PB, Burger PC, Carson BS, Avellino AM.  "Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in pediatric pilomyxoid astrocytoma. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005 May;21(5):404-9.

2004

Barker PB, Horska A.  "Neuroimaging in leukodystrophies.J Child Neurol. 2004 Aug;19(8):559-70.

 

Restrepo L, Jacobs MA, Barker PB, Wityk RJ.  "Assessment of transient ischemic attack with diffusion- and perfusion-weighted imaging.AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004 Nov-Dec;25(10):1645-52.

 

Jacobs MA, Ouwerkerk R, Wolff AC, Stearns V, Bottomley PA, Barker PB, Argani P, Khouri N, Davidson NE, Bhujwalla ZM, Bluemke DA.  "Multiparametric and multinuclear magnetic resonance imaging of human breast cancer: current applications.Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2004 Dec;3(6):543-50.

 

Arslanoglu A, Bonekamp D, Barker PB, Horska A.  "Quantitative proton MR spectroscopic imaging of the mesial temporal lobe.J Magn Reson Imaging. 2004 Nov;20(5):772-8.
 

Cirak B, Horska A, Barker PB, Burger PC, Carson BS, Avellino AM.  "Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in pediatric pilomyxoid astrocytoma. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005 May;21(5):404-9.

 

Nagae-Poetscher LM, McMahon M, Braverman N, Lawrie WT Jr, Fatemi A, Degaonkar M, Horska A, Pomper MG, Chacko VP, Barker PB.  "Metabolites in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging.J Magn Reson Imaging. 2004 Sep;20(3):496-500.

 

Hillis AE, Barker PB, Wityk RJ, Aldrich EM, Restrepo L, Breese EL, Work M.  "Variability in subcortical aphasia is due to variable sites of cortical hypoperfusion.Brain Lang. 2004 Jun;89(3):524-30.

 

Hillis AE, Work M, Barker PB, Jacobs MA, Breese EL, Maurer K.  "Re-examining the brain regions crucial for orchestrating speech articulation.Brain. 2004 Jul;127(Pt 7):1479-87.

 

Nagae-Poetscher LM, Bibat G, Philippart M, Rosemberg S, Fatemi A, Lacerda MT, Costa MO, Kok F, Costa Leite C, Horska A, Barker PB, Naidu S.  "Leukoencephalopathy, cerebral calcifications, and cysts: new observations.Neurology. 2004 Apr 13;62(7):1206-9.

 

Jacobs MA, Barker PB, Bottomley PA, Bhujwalla Z, Bluemke DA.  "Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of human breast cancer: a preliminary study.J Magn Reson Imaging. 2004 Jan;19(1):68-75.

 

Nagae-Poetscher LM, Bonekamp D, Barker PB, Brant LJ, Kaufmann WE, Horska A.  "Asymmetry and gender effect in functionally lateralized cortical regions: a proton MRS imaging study.J Magn Reson Imaging. 2004 Jan;19(1):27-33.
 

Hillis AE, Wityk RJ, Beauchamp NJ, Ulatowski JA, Jacobs MA, Barker PB.  "Perfusion-weighted MRI as a marker of response to treatment in acute and subacute stroke.Neuroradiology. 2004 Jan;46(1):31-9.

 

2003

Lin DD, Barker PB, Kraut MA, Comi A.  "Early characteristics of Sturge-Weber syndrome shown by perfusion MR imaging and proton MR spectroscopic imaging."
AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003 Oct;24(9):1912-5.
 

Jacobs MA, Barker PB, Bluemke DA, Maranto C, Arnold C, Herskovits EH, Bhujwalla Z.  "Benign and malignant breast lesions: diagnosis with multiparametric MR imaging."
Radiology. 2003 Oct;229(1):225-32.
 

Pizzini F, Fatemi AS, Barker PB, Nagae-Poetscher LM, Horska A, Zimmerman AW, Moser HW, Bibat G, Naidu S.  "Proton MR spectroscopic imaging in Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease."
AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003 Sep;24(8):1683-9.
 

Hillis AE, Wityk RJ, Barker PB, Ulatowski JA, Jacobs MA.  "Change in perfusion in acute nondominant hemisphere stroke may be better estimated by tests of hemispatial neglect than by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale."
Stroke. 2003 Oct;34(10):2392-6.

Hillis AE, Ulatowski JA, Barker PB, Torbey M, Ziai W, Beauchamp NJ, Oh S, Wityk RJ.  " A pilot randomized trial of induced blood pressure elevation: effects on function and focal perfusion in acute and subacute stroke."
Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003;16(3):236-46.

Fatemi A, Barker PB, Ulug AM, Nagae-Poetscher LM, Beauchamp NJ, Moser AB, Raymond GV, Moser HW, Naidu S.  " MRI and proton MRSI in women heterozygous for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy."
Neurology. 2003 Apr 22;60(8):1301-7.

Restrepo L, Razumovsky AY, Ziai W, Barker PB, Beauchamp NJ, Wityk RJ.  "Transcranial Doppler markers of diffusion-perfusion mismatch. J Neuroimaging. 2003 Jan;13(1):34-42.

Lin DD, Crawford TO, Barker PB.  "Proton MR spectroscopy in the diagnostic evaluation of suspected mitochondrial disease."
AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003 Jan;24(1):33-41.
 

Hillis AE, Wityk RJ, Barker PB, Caramazza A.  "Neural regions essential for writing verbs."
Nat Neurosci. 2003 Jan;6(1):19-20.

2002

Eichler FS, Wang P, Wityk RJ, Beauchamp NJ Jr., Barker PB.  "Diffuse metabolic abnormalities in reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome."  AJNR  Am J Neuroradiol. 2002; 23(5) : 833-7.

Eichler FS, Barker PB, Cox C, Edwin D, Ulug AM, Moser HW, Raymond GV.  " Proton MR Spectroscopic imaging predicts lesion progression on MRI in X-linked  adrenoleukodystrophy."  Neurology 2002; 58(6): 901-7.

Golay X, Gillen JG, van Zijl PCM, Barker PB. "Scan Time Reduction in the proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of the human brain."  Magn Reson Med 2002; 47(2): 384-387.

Horska A, Kaufmann WE, Brant LJ, Naidu S, Harris JC and Barker PB.  " In vivo quantitative proton MRIS study of brain development from childhood to adolescence."  J Magn Reson Imaging 2002; 15(2): 137-43.

Pomper MG, Constantinides CD, Barker PB, Bizzi A, Dobgan AS, Yokoi F, McArthur JC, Wong DF.  "Quantitative MR spectroscopic imaging of brain lesions in patients with AIDS: correlation with [11C-methyl] thymidine PET and thallium-201 SPECT."  Acad Radiol. 2002; 9(4): 398-409.

 

Restrepo L, Wityk RJ, Grega MA, Borowicz L Jr, Barker PB, Jacobs MA, Beauchamp NJ, Hillis AE, McKhann GM.  "Diffusion- and perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the brain before and after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery."  Stroke. 2002 Dec;33(12):2909-15.

 

Wityk RJ, Hillis A, Beauchamp N, Barker PB, Rigamonti D.  "Perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in adult moyamoya syndrome: characteristic patterns and change after surgical intervention: case report.Neurosurgery. 2002 Dec;51(6):1499-505; discussion 1506.

 

Eichler FS, Itoh R, Barker PB, Mori S, Garrett ES, van Zijl PC, Moser HW, Raymond GV, Melhem ER.  "Proton MR spectroscopic and diffusion tensor brain MR imaging in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: initial experience. Radiology. 2002 Oct;225(1):245-52.

 

Carhuapoma JR, Barker PB, Hanley DF, Wang P, Beauchamp NJ.  "Human brain hemorrhage: quantification of perihematoma edema by use of diffusion-weighted MR imaging.AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2002 Sep;23(8):1322-6.

 

Horska A, Calhoun VD, Bradshaw DH, Barker PB.  "Rapid method for correction of CSF partial volume in quantitative proton MR spectroscopic imaging."  Magn Reson Med. 2002 Sep;48(3):555-8.
 

Boska MD, Welch KM, Barker PB, Nelson JA, Schultz L.  "Contrasts in cortical magnesium, phospholipid and energy metabolism between migraine syndromes."  Neurology. 2002 Apr 23;58(8):1227-33.

 

Hillis AE, Wityk RJ, Barker PB, Beauchamp NJ, Gailloud P, Murphy K, Cooper O, Metter EJ.   "Subcortical aphasia and neglect in acute stroke: the role of cortical hypoperfusion."  Brain. 2002 May;125(Pt 5):1094-104.

2001

Allen RP, Barker PB, Wehrl F, Song HK , Earley CJ. "MRI measurement of brain iron in patients with restless legs syndrome." Neurology 2001; 56 (2): 263-265.

Barker PB. "N-Acetyl Aspartate - a neuronal marker? " Ann Neurology  2001; 49(4): 423-4.

Barker PB, Golay X, Artemov D, Ouwerkerk R, Smith MB, Shaka AJ."Broadband proton decoupling for in vivo brain spectroscopy in humans." Magn. Reson. Med. 2001 ; 45(2): 226-32.

Barker PB, Hearshen DO, Boska MD. "Single-voxel proton MR spectroscopy of the human brain at 1.5 and 3.0 Tesla." Magn. Reson. Med. 2001; 45:765-9.

Bizzi A, Ulug AM, Crawford T, Passe T, Bugiani M, Bryan RN, Barker PB. "Quantitative Proton MR Spectroscopic Imaging In Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis." AJNR 2001; 22(6):1125-30.

Harris JC, Wong DF, Jinnah HA, Schretlen D, Barker PB. "Neuroimaging Studies in Lesch-Nyhan Disease and Lesch-Nyhan Variants." In: Schroeder, S.R., Oster-Granite, M.L. & Thompson, T., ed. Self-Injurious Behaviour: Gene-Brain-Behaviour Relationships. Washington, DC: APA Books, 2001.

Hillis AE, Barker PB, Beauchamp NJ, Winters BD, Mirski M , Wityk RJ. "Restoring blood pressure reperfused Wernicke's area and improved language." Neurology 2001; 56(5) : 670-672.

Hillis AE, Kane A, Tuffiash E, Ulatowski JA, Barker PB, Beauchamp NJ, Wityk RJ. "Reperfusion of specific brain regions by raising blood pressure restores selective language functions in subacute stroke." Brain lang. 2001; 79(3): 495-510.

Hillis AE, Wityk RJ, Tuffiash E, Beauchamp NJ, Jacobs MA, Barker PB, Selnes OA. "Hypoperfusion of Wernicke's area predicts severity of semantic deficit in acute stroke." Ann. Neurol. 2001; 50(5): 561-6.

Horska A, Ulug AM, Melhem ER, Filippi CG, Edgar MA, Souweidane MM, Carson BS, Barker PB. "Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Choroid Plexus Tumors in Children." JMRI 2001; 14(1):78-82.

Jacobs MA, Horska A, van Zijl PCM, Barker PB. "Quantitative Proton MR Spectroscopic Imaging of Normal Human Cerebellum and Brain Stem." Magn. Reson. Med. 2001; 46(4) : 699-705.

Trinh BC, Melhem ER, Barker PB. "Multi-Slice Proton MR Spectroscopy And Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in Methylmalonic Acidemia: Report of two cases and review of the literature." AJNR 2001; 22(5):831-3.

Wityk RJ, Goldsborough MA, Hillis A, Beauchamp N, Barker PB, Borowicz LM, Jr. , McKhann GM. "Diffusion- and perfusion-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging in patients with neurologic complications after cardiac surgery." Arch Neurol 2001; 58 (4): 571-576.

2000

Barker PB, Szopinski K, Horska A. "Metabolic Heterogeneity at the level of the anterior and posterior commissures." Magn. Reson. Med. 2000; 43(3):348-354.

Barker P , de Boer R. "Neuro MR imaging: a window into structure and function." Adm Radiol J 2000; 19 (5-6): 8-12.

Carhuapoma JR, Wang PY, Beauchamp NJ, Keyl PM, Hanley DF, Barker PB."Diffusion-weighted MRI and proton MR spectroscopic imaging in the study of secondary neuronal injury after intracerebral hemorrhage." Stroke 2000; 31(3):726-32.

Graham GD, Barker PB, Brooks WM, Morris DC, Ahmed W, Bryniarski E, Hearshen DO, Sanders JA, Holshouser BA, Turkel CC. "MR spectroscopy study of dichloroacetate treatment after ischemic stroke." Neurology 2000; 55(9):1376-8.

Hillis AE, Barker PB, Beauchamp NJ, Gordon B , Wityk RJ. "MR perfusion imaging reveals regions of hypoperfusion associated with aphasia and neglect." Neurology 2000; 55(6) : 782-788.

Horska A, Naidu S, Herskovits EH, Wang PY, Kaufmann WE, Barker PB."Quantitative 1H Proton MR Spectroscopic Imaging in Early Rett Syndrome." Neurology 2000; 54(3):715-722.

Melhem ER, Itoh R, Jones L , Barker PB. "Diffusion tensor MR imaging of the brain: effect of diffusion weighting on trace and anisotropy measurements." AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000; 21(10) : 1813-1820.

Wang PY, Kaufmann WE, Koth CW, Denckla MB, Barker PB. "Thalamic involvement in neurofibromatosis Type 1: Evaluation with proton MR spectroscopic imaging." Ann Neurol 2000; 47(4):477-484.

1999

Barker PB, Butterworth EJ, Boska MD, Nelson J , Welch KM. "Magnesium and pH imaging of the human brain at 3.0 Tesla." Magn Reson Med 1999; 41(2) : 400-406.

Gelman N, Gorell JM, Barker PB, Savage RM, Spickler EM, Windham JP , Knight RA. "MR imaging of human brain at 3.0 T: preliminary report on transverse relaxation rates and relation to estimated iron content." Radiology 1999; 210 (3): 759-767.

Melhem ER, Barker PB, Raymond GV , Moser HW. "X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy in children: review of genetic, clinical, and MR imaging characteristics." AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999; 173 (6): 1575-1581.

Mori S , Barker PB. "Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging: its principle and applications." Anat Rec 1999; 257(3) : 102-109.

Wang PY, Barker PB, Wityk RJ, Ulug AM, van Zijl PC , Beauchamp NJ, Jr. "Diffusion-negative stroke: a report of two cases." AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999; 20(10) : 1876-1880.

Beauchamp NJ, Barker PB, Wang PY, van Zijl PCM. "Imaging of Acute Cerebral Ischemia: State of the Art." Radiology 1999; 212(2):307-324.

Barker PB, Butterworth EJ, Boska MD, Nelson J, Welch KMA. "Magnesium and pH imaging of the human brain at 3.0 Tesla." Magn. Reson. Med. 1999; 41(2):400-406.

Hwang TL, van Zijl PC, Garwood M. "Asymmetric adiabatic pulses for NH selection." J Magn Reson. 1999 ;138(1):173-7.

Mathews VP, Barker PB. "Neuroradiologic testing:MR spectroscopy." In: Batjer, H.H. & Loftus, C.M., ed. Textbook of Neurologic Surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven, 1999.

 

Amari S, Ulug AM, Bornemann J, van Zijl PC , Barker PB. "Multiple tuning of birdcage resonators." Magn Reson Med 1997; 37(2) : 243-251.

Brooks WM, Sabet A, Sibbitt WL, Jr., Barker PB, van Zijl PC, Duyn JH , Moonen CT. "Neurochemistry of brain lesions determined by spectroscopic imaging in systemic lupus erythematosus." J Rheumatol 1997; 24(12) : 2323-2329.

Bryan RN , Barker P. "A new clinical application of MR spectroscopy in hepatic encephalopathy." AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1998; 19(9) : 1593-1594.

Gillard JH, Barker PB, van Zijl PC, Bryan RN , Oppenheimer SM. "Proton MR spectroscopy in acute middle cerebral artery stroke." AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996; 17(5) : 873-886.

Gillard JH, Oliverio PJ, Barker PB, Oppenheimer SM , Bryan RN. "MR angiography in acute cerebral ischemia of the anterior circulation: a preliminary report." AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1997; 18(2) : 343-350.

Knight RA, Barker PB, Fagan SC, Li Y, Jacobs MA , Welch KM. "Prediction of impending hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke using magnetic resonance imaging in rats." Stroke 1998; 29(1) : 144-151.

Mattay VS, Frank JA, Duyn JH, Kotrla KJ, Santha AK, Esposito G, Sexton RH, Barker P, Sunderland T, Moonen CT , Weinberger DR. "Three-dimensional "BURST" functional magnetic resonance imaging: initial clinical applications." Acad Radiol 1996; 3 Suppl 2 : S379-383.

Soher BJ, Hurd RE, Sailasuta N , Barker PB. "Quantitation of automated single-voxel proton MRS using cerebral water as an internal reference." Magn Reson Med 1996; 36(3) : 335-339.

Soher BJ, van Zijl PC, Duyn JH , Barker PB. "Quantitative proton MR spectroscopic imaging of the human brain." Magn Reson Med 1996; 35(3) : 356-363.

Van Zijl PC , Barker PB. "Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging for the study of brain metabolism." Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997; 820 : 75-96.